Understanding and quantifying capacity loss in storage aging of Ah?level Li metal pouch cells

Promoting industry applications of high-energy Li metal batteries (LMBs) is vital importance for accelerating the electrification and decarbonization our society. Unfortunately, time-dependent storage aging Ah-level pouch cells, a ubiquitous but crucial practical indicator, has not yet been revealed. Herein, we first report behaviors multilateral synergistic mechanism NCM811||Li cells during 120-day long-term under various conditions. Contrary to conventional belief Li-ion with graphite intercalation anodes, significant available capacity loss 32.8% on average originates from major electrolyte-sensitive anode corrosion partial superimposed cathode degradation, irreversible 13.3% essentially attributed unrecoverable interface/structure deterioration NCM further hindrance aged Li. Moreover, principles alleviating have proposed. This work bridges academia enriches fundamental epistemology LMBs, shedding light realistic batteries.